PENGARUH BEBERAPA METODE STERILISASI TANAH TERHADAP STATUS HARA, POPULASI MIKROBIOTA, POTENSI INFEKSI MIKORISA DAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN

Title : The Effect of Soil Sterilization Methods on Nutrient Status, Population of Microbiota, Potential Infectivity of Mycorrhiza and Plant Growth. The present study was aimed at elucidating the effectivity of soil sterilization methods and the effect on nutrient status, population of microbiota, potential infectivity of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and plant growth. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design with single factor treatment. Inceptisol with VAM propagules was used for the experiment. The treatment of soil sterilization methods consisted of 8 levels with 4 replications: P1 (control, no sterilization), P2 (oven sterilization), P3 (autoclave sterilization), P4 (steam sterilization), P5 (methyl bromide sterilization), P6 (formaldehyde sterilization with cover), P7 (formaldehyde sterilization no cover), and P8 (burning sterilization). Data analyzed using Analysis of Variance and followed with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with 5% of significance level. The results showed that the effectivity of total sterilization (to kill bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) was demonstrated by burning, autoclave and steam sterilizations. The effectivity of selective sterilization (to only kill fungi) was demonstrated by formaldehyde sterilization with cover. Soil sterilization methods affected soil nutrient status with a variety of nutrients and intensities. Soil sterilization treatments affected the plant growth of soybeans. The plant growth was better in control. The exception was observed for autoclave sterilization which increased plant growth. The potential infectivity of VAM and nodulation were suppressed totally by burning, autoclave and steam sterilizations, followed by formaldehyde sterilizations with and without cover. Keywords: effectivity, nutrient status, plant growth, potential infectivity of Mycorrhiza, soil sterilization methodThe present study was aimed at elucidating the effectivity of soil sterilization methods and the effect on nutrient status, population of microbiota, potential infectivity of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and plant growth. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design with single factor treatment. Inceptisol with VAM propagules was used for the experiment. The treatment of soil sterilization methods consisted of 8 levels with 4 replications: P1 (control, no sterilization), P2 (oven sterilization), P3 (autoclave sterilization), P4 (steam sterilization), P5 (methyl bromide sterilization), P6 (formaldehyde sterilization with cover), P7 (formaldehyde sterilization no cover), and P8 (burning sterilization). Data analyzed using Analysis of Variance and followed with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with 5% of significance level. The results showed that the effectivity of total sterilization (to kill bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) was demonstrated by burning, autoclave and steam sterilizations. The effectivity of selective sterilization (to only kill fungi) was demonstrated by formaldehyde sterilization with cover. Soil sterilization methods affected soil nutrient status with a variety of nutrients and intensities. Soil sterilization treatments affected the plant growth of soybeans. The plant growth was better in control. The exception was observed for autoclave sterilization which increased plant growth. The potential infectivity of VAM and nodulation were suppressed totally by burning, autoclave and steam sterilizations, followed by formaldehyde sterilizations with and without cover. Keywords: effectivity, nutrient status, plant growth, potential infectivity of Mycorrhiza, soil sterilization metho

SEBARAN FUNGI MIKORISA ARBUSKULAR DI DAERAH SURAKARTA DAN SEKITARNYA

Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in and Around Surakarta Area. The present study aimed to observe the distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) in and around Surakarta, including upland and lowland with different types of soils (Vertisol, Entisol, Andisol, Alfisol, Histosol, Fluvisol) and plants. The observation covered the number of AM spore per 100 g of soil and the infection of AM in the plant root samples. The factors of land conditions and plant types determined the results of survey in elucidating the existence of AM. Among 11 locations, the only one location of Vertisol upland in Kentingan campus area did not show the existence of AM. Different spore types from different plant rhizosfer were found in 3 fields: Fluvisol upland in Ngringo, Karanganyar, Andisol upland in Tengaran, Semarang, and Entisol rainfed lowland in Penggung, Klaten. From the other 7 fields with soil types of Vertisol, Entisol, Alfisol and Histosol were obtained AM spores with the same types which originated either from the same or the different plant rhizosfer. The number of AM spore per 100 g of soil and the infection intensity of AM in plant root from all the observed fields were low, indicating that inoculation treatment of infective and effective AM strains to the fields is needed. Key words: Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, distribution, Surakarta area, spores, mycorizal infectionThe present study aimed to observe the distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) in and around Surakarta, including upland and lowland with different types of soils (Vertisol, Entisol, Andisol, Alfisol, Histosol, Fluvisol) and plants. The observation covered the number of AM spore per 100 g of soil and the infection of AM in the plant root samples. The factors of land conditions and plant types determined the results of survey in elucidating the existence of AM. Among 11 locations, the only one location of Vertisol upland in Kentingan campus area did not show the existence of AM. Different spore types from different plant rhizosfer were found in 3 fields: Fluvisol upland in Ngringo, Karanganyar, Andisol upland in Tengaran, Semarang, and Entisol rainfed lowland in Penggung, Klaten. From the other 7 fields with soil types of Vertisol, Entisol, Alfisol and Histosol were obtained AM spores with the same types which originated either from the same or the different plant rhizosfer. The number of AM spore per 100 g of soil and the infection intensity of AM in plant root from all the observed fields were low, indicating that inoculation treatment of infective and effective AM strains to the fields is needed. Key words: Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, distribution, Surakarta area, spores, mycorizal infectio

SIFAT KIMIA TANAH, POPULASI BAKTERI PELARUT FOSFAT, DAN HASIL CABAI PADA APLIKASI BEBERAPA JENIS MULSA PADA INCEPTISOL NGEMPLAK, BOYOLALI

Mulch was often applied on chili pepper cultivation. It aimed to cover the soil from various factors which can reduce the yield. This research aims to study the effect of various types of mulch (silver-black plastic and straw) to soil chemical properties, population of PSB, and chili pepper yield (harvest time, weight of dry plant biomass, and weight of fresh fruit per plant), also to study the correlation between the population of PSB with chili pepper yield. The research has been conducted from December 2015 until October 2016, on an inceptisol field in Ngemplak, Boyolali. The variables of this research are soil properties (pH, organic-carbon, total-N, available-P, and exchangeable-K), total-PSB, and chili pepper yield (harvest time, a weight of dry plant biomass, and weight of fresh fruit per plant). The result showed that various types of mulch application significantly increased soil-pH, soil total-N, soil available-P, total-PSB, a weight of dry plant biomass, a weight of fresh fruit per plant, and fastened harvest time. It also tends to increase organic-carbon and soil exchangeable-K. There were strong correlations between total-PSB and harvest time, a weight of dry plant biomass, and weight of fresh fruit per plant. The best result showed by silver-black plastic mulch application

Consistency of Mycorrhizal Effectiveness on Maize Growth and P Uptake in Two Generations of Pot Culture Using Andisol-Based Media

The functional roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) in soils with P limitations are well documented. However, the protocol to produce effective AM inocula was still limited. This research aims at obtaining the effective AM culture in handling P constraints for maize growth on Andisols. The first experiment of pot culture I was to propagate and examine the effectiveness of AM isolates by using a factorial completely randomized design with two factors, A=media (A0: zeolite; A1: representative media=Andisol Tengaran; A2: typical media=a mixture of Andisol Tengaran+Tawangmangu; A3: typical media+Bio-RP nutrition; A4: Inceptisol) and I = AM inoculum source (I0: no inoculum; I1: AM from Andisol Tengaran; I2: AM from Andisol Tengaran + Tawangmangu; I3: AM from 8 soil types), with six replications. The second experiment investigated the consistency of mycorrhizal effectiveness by reculturing AM cultures generation I to pot cultures generation II with the same composition of the respective media. The combination treatments of A1I3, A2I2, A0I3, and A4I3 (AM cultures generation I), continued by A1I32, A2I22, A0I32, and A4I32 (AM cultures generation II) showed consistently the highest AM infectivity and effectiveness on maize growth and P uptake on Andisol-based media, and on the comparison media of zeolite and Inceptisol media, respectively

Kompatibilitas dan Efektivitas Azospirillum dan Streptomyces untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Moler pada Bawang Merah di Alfisol Jumantono

Pengaruh Azospirillum sp. dan Streptomyces sp. secara terpisah sebagai perlakuan tunggal pada kegiatan budidaya tanaman telah banyak dilaporkan pada penelitian sebelumnya, tetapi sebagai perlakuan kombinasi sebagai agens hayati masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kompatibilitas dan efektivitas Azospirillum sp. dan Streptomyces sp. untuk pengendalian penyakit moler yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOCe) dan pertumbuhan bawang merah di tanah Alfisol Jumantono. Penelitian terdiri dari uji in vitro (uji antagonisme dan uji kompatibilitas) dan uji in vivo (penanaman pada polybag di screen house). Uji in vitro dilakukan dengan metode dual culture sementara uji in vivo dilakukan dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) yang terdiri dari lima perlakuan dan lima ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari perlakuan tanpa agens pengendali hayati, aplikasi fungisida, Azospirillum sp., Streptomyces sp., dan kombinasi Azospirillum sp. dengan Streptomyces sp. semua perlakuan diinkulasikan dengan FOCe.Variabel yang diamati pada uji in vitro yaitu kompatibilitas dan penghambatan pertumbuhan koloni FOCe, sementara pada uji in vivo variabel yang diamati adalah penghambatan terhadap intensitase penyakit serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan bawang merah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara in vitro Azospirillum sp. dan Streptomyces sp. kompatibel satu sama lain. Streptomyces sp. menekan pertumbuhan FOCe sebesar 52.96% lebih baik daripada Azospirillum sp. Akan tetapi, hasil uji in vivo menunjukkan Azospirillum sp. dan Streptomyces sp., baik secara individu maupun bersama-sama, belum berhasil memberikan pengendalian yang optimal terhadap penyakit moler pada bawang merah yang ditanam di tanah Alfisols Jumantono. Meskipun aplikasinya mampu mengurangi intensitas penyakit moler, tingkat efektivitasnya termasuk dalam kategori kurang. Selain itu, dampaknya terhadap parameter pertumbuhan bawang merah juga belum hasil yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan peningkatan dalam metode aplikasi agens pengendali hayati guna mencapai hasil yang diinginkan

Effects of soil amendment from herbal and eucalyptus industrial waste on methane emission and rice yield

The use of chemical fertilizer in rice fields contributes to increased global warming via enhanced emission of methane (CH4) into the atmosphere. Therefore, composting has been proposed to reduce methane emissions in the agricultural field. This study aimed to determine the CH4 emission and rice yield affected by compost from three different types of compost: herbal compost, eucalyptus compost, and manure compost. This randomized block design study was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020. There were 8 fertilizer treatments applied to the rice fields, namely: herbal compost 10 tons/ha. (O1), eucalyptus compost 10 tons/ha (O2), manure compost 10 tons/ha (O3), no compost no chemical fertilizer (as a control) (O4), herbal compost 5 tons/ha + chemical fertilizer/CF (C1), eucalyptus compost 5 tons/ha + CF (C2), manure compost 5 tons/ha + CF (C3), and only chemical fertilizer (C4), then all treatments replicated three times. For the chemical fertilizer (CF) the dose is 166 kg/ha urea + 166 kg/ha ZA + 330 kg/ha TSP. The result indicated that the compost manure 10 tons/ha (O3) and the combination compost manure 5 tons/ha + CF (C3) produced the highest rice yields (6.89 -6.94 tons/ha) but impacted the highest methane emissions (505.3 – 544.6 Kg.CH4 /ha/season). The important finding showed that among all the treatments, a combination of compost eucalyptus 5 tons/ha + CF (C2) and compost eucalyptus 10 tons/ha (O2) mitigated methane emission to the lowest level (296.6 -305.2 Kg.CH4/ha/season) and gave high rice yields (6.77-6.78 tons/ha) that were not significantly different from those of compost manure (O3 and C3). In addition, the combination of compost herbal 5 tons/ha and chemical fertilizer (C1) affected the lower methane emissions than manure compost and gave a high level of grain yield that was not significantly different from those of manure compost (O3 and C3) and eucalyptus compost (O2 and C2)

Potential Liquid Fertilizer Made from Goat Feces to Improve Vegetable Product

This study was carried out to examine the production of liquid fertilizer made from goat feces (LFGF) as well as the potency of LFGF for increasing plant growth and yield of vegetables. The study was conducted through 3 studies. The first study was begun with compiling a formulation for LFGF. The selected-raw-material was goat feces added with sugar and ZA, as well as EM (Lactobacillus sp., Actinomycetes sp., Streptomyces sp. and Yeast). The experimental results indicated that an increase in the concentration of ZA resulted in an increase in the total N and S content, as well as an increase EC of LFGF. Increased sugar concentration results in a decrease in pH and an increase in lactic acid content, whereas an increase in ZA decreases the formation of acetic acid. The use of sugar 25 g L−1 water and ZA 50 g L−1 water could produce the best quality of LFGF. The second study was to examine the selected LFGF combined with AB-Mix nutrient solution on the growth and yield of three types of leaf vegetables which were cultivated hydroponically. The results indicated that LFGF can potentially replace AB-Mix fertilizer by up to 50% in hydroponic vegetable cultivation. The third study was to examine the selected LFGF as nutrients availability of mustard that was cultivated in pots, given through planting media with a concentration of 1:40 L−1 water (EC 2300 μS cm−1). It shows that LFGF has the potential to increase the growth and yield of mustard plants in pots

Suksesi Struktur Komunitas Fungi pada Lahan Degradatif oleh Patogen Busuk Pangkal Bawang Putih

TITLE : SUCCESSION OF FUNGAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN DEGRADATIVE LAND CAUSED BY BASAL ROT PATHOGEN OF GARLIC. Land degradation causes a decreasement the ability of land in suppressing the development of pathogen FOCe that causes basal rot of garlic. In the garlic planting area in Tawangmangu discovered the fact that productive-suppressive land to FOCe the disease has low incidence (<1%) and degradative-conducive land with high incidens (≥60%). The research aims to study the succession of common fungal community structure and FOCe in the rhizosphere of garlic on both land for garlic plantation. The study was conducted from April to September 2013 in productive-suppressive land (Pancot) and degradative-conducive (Gondosuli) for soil sampling and laboratory analysis in Biologi Tanah UNS for fungi and FOCe analysis. The composite method used for sampling and the garlic rhizosphere samples  which is had healthy plants conditions aged 0, 20, 40, and 60 days after planting (DAP), and the garlic rhizosphere samples with healthy plants and diseased condition aged 80, 100, and 120 days after planting (DAP). Laboratory analysis using PDA culture medium as common fungi growing medium and SFA as a growing medium FOCe then observed population density and diversity. The method was pour plate method with 10-2 to 10-7 dilution. The results showed the population and diversity of fungi and FOCe have dynamics fluctuation. The fungi population in productive-suppressive land lower than degradative-conducive, with each value 108 and 3,5x108 CFU gram-1 soil. FOCe population on degradative-conducive land was higher than productive-suppressive land, and the highest population in both land at age 20 and 100 DAP with a FOCe density of each land about 1,25x107 and 1,66x107 CFU gram-1 soil. During the growth periode of garlic, the fungi diversity on productive-suppressive land always indicate higher than degradative-conducive land

SCREENING OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA FOR BIOFERTILIZER OF RICE

Increasing rice production needs to be performed by a variety of efforts involving the healthy, savety, and sustainability aspects of resources and environments. One of the choices is using biofertilizer of arbuscular mycorrhiza. Application of mycorrhizal iniculant as biofertilizer in the fields often fails or gives no result. The main factors of the failure of mycorrhizal application can be caused by no review for the specifity of mycorrhiza with the host or autobion or with media conditios of with the aspect of plant dependency to mycorrhiza. The purposes of present study was to find the mycorrhizal strains which having high tolerancy and effectivity for rice either in upland or wetland conditions or for both conditions, in order to be used as biofertilizer specific for rice. The present research was performed through several steps. The first step was conducted by exploration of mycorrhizal diversity in the forms of actual and potential spores from rhizosfer and rice roots in upland and wetland of Alfisol Jumantono, Inceptisol Klaten and Sleman, Andisol Tengaran, Oxisol Tuntang, and Entisol Colomadu. Population density and mycorrhizal diversity were different among the sampling sites. It was found mycorrhizal spores in a variety of soil moisture conditions. The specificity of mycorrhiza for rice has not been found yet from the observation of field samples. The following step of research is examination of infectifity and effectivity of mycorhizal culture in a variety of soil moisture conditions under controlled conditions in greenhouse and then the results will be confirmed by the examination in natural conditions in rice field